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Nenia Dea
Nenia Dea (Engl.: Goddess Nenia; rarely ''Naenia''〔Cf. e.g. ("Nēnia" ), in: Oskar Seyffert, ''Dictionary of Classical Antiquities'', 1894, p. 414; this alternative spelling was only used by later authors in antiquity and in some secondary scholarly publications. The spelling ''naenia'' does not accord with any of the earliest ancient sources on the goddess, e.g. by Varro, although it might in theory have been used also by the Romans.〕) was an ancient funeral deity of Rome, who had a sanctuary outside of the Porta Viminalis.〔Sextus Pompeius Festus, ''De verborum significatu'' 161.32–162.1 Müller, 2nd ed. Leipzig 1880 (156.13–15 Lindsay, Leipzig 1913): '' sacellum ultra portam …………t aediculam.'' Cf. Paulus ed. of Fest. ''De verb. sign.'' 163 Müller (157 Lindsay): ''Neniae deae sacellum extra portam Viminalem fuerat dedicatum.''〕 The cult of the Nenia is doubtlessly a very old one, but according to Georg Wissowa〔Georg Wissowa, ''Religion und Kultus der Römer'', München 1912/1971, p. 197.〕 the location of Nenia's shrine ''(sacellum)'' outside of the center of early Rome indicates that she didn't belong to the earliest circle of Roman deities. In a different interpretation her shrine was located outside of the old city walls, because it had been custom for all gods connected to death or dying.〔("Naenia" ), in: William Smith (ed.), ''Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology'', Boston 1870, p. 1135.〕
==Goddess of the Roman funerary lament==
Nenia shares her name with the ''nenia'' that sometimes took the meaning of ''carmen funebre'' ("dirge"), and Marcus Terentius Varro regarded the Nenia Dea as a personification of the funerary lament's protective power.〔Marcus Terentius Varro, ''Antiquitatum rerum humanarum et divinarum libri XLI'' 14, fragment 65 Agahd, Leipzig 1898; testimony in: Aurelius Augustinus, ''De Civitate Dei'' (6.9 ); see also: Georg Wissowa, ''Religion und Kultus der Römer'', München 1912/1971, p. 245; Kroll, "Nenia", in: ''RE'' 2392; Kurt Latte: ''Römische Religionsgeschichte'', München 1960, p. 52.〕 She was therefore a goddess also connected to the end of a person's life. Varro assigned the Nenia Dea to a polar position with respect to the god Ianus, which was probably inspired by one of the ancient Roman etymologies of the word ''nenia'', defining it as ''nenia finis'' ("end", ''fig.'': "finale").
Arnobius places men who are near to death under Nenia's care.〔Arnobius of Sicca, ''Against the heathen'' (4.7 ).〕 Although Arnobius' writings are mainly influenced by Cornelius Labeo, the identification of Nenia as the goddess of human transience here also suggests a Varronian origin.〔''Contra'': R. Agahd "Varronis Antiquitatum rerum divinarum Libri", in: ''Jahrbuch für classische Philologie'', Supplement Volume 24, Leipzig 1898, p. 124; ''pro'': John Lewis Heller: "Nenia 'παίγνιον'", in: ''Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association'', Vol. 74, 1943, p. 225: The explicitness of the identification as ''finis'' strongly suggests a Varronian origin.〕 It is unclear whether Tertullian referred to the Nenia Dea when he wrote about the "goddess of death herself".〔Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, ''Libri duo ad Nationes'' (II.15 ).〕 Whether the worship of Nenia herself was part of the last rites is uncertain. However, Lucius Afranius clearly associates the term ''nenia'' (i.e. the funeral song) with the obsequies.〔Lucius Afranius, ''Com.'' fragment 2181, in Sextus Pompeius Festus, ''De verborum significatu'' 161.14–16 Müller (154.20–22 Lindsay); John Lewis Heller: "Nenia 'παίγνιον'", in: ''Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association'', Vol. 74, 1943, p. 228, fragment completed as: ''nius in Matertequias eant''. See also: Thomas Habinek, ''The World of Roman Song. From Ritualized Speech to Social Order'', Baltimore 2005.〕
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